![]() ![]() The composition of those 1 000 armed men is really important. Your military structure may change depending on who is available, experience, politics, and so forth. Just like today, individuals of different ranks and abilities also received different pay. Freemen would eventually grow to encompass most of society, but that is neither here nor there for this question. These were individuals who had the right to live in cities and move between regions as they would like to. It should be noted that most medieval wars were fought with a class of people called "freemen." These were not the peasants which worked nobles' lands. This means that the cost varies quite a bit, and it depends on whatever social constructs are present in your world. Other times, the noble in question decided to hire mercenaries, outfit their conscripts, provide arms and armor, and so forth. Some areas expected you to heed the commands of your local noble, paying your own way, meaning that it doesn't cost them anything to put together. Middle-Age warfare and the cost of armies varied greatly. During the campaigns these craftsmen are also ordered to have 3 apprentices to teach their craft to. The armies are composed so that each of them has a couple of craftsmen of each craft, so that if some of them die, a craftsman of each craft stays available. ![]() (they are not at war (yet) but like to see the other kingdom crippled). They can offer this at a 10% discount or something like that. The kingdom has also large deposits of iron, tin, copper and smaller yet rich deposits of gold and some other ores/minerals.įinally they also have an allied kingdom that lies along a long mountain range, having many mineral/ore deposits. The land of the kingdom is fertile and since there is ample land against a lower than normal population there is enough crop land/farms making the prices for it rather lower than in the neighbouring countries. Soldiers would be provisioned by the army, so no need to buy their own food. Secondly the kingdom is 'forced' into a war because of the immoral actions of the other kingdom, this makes many of its residents eager to pick up arms and go 'fight the good fight'. Due to this I would like to think that they have a 'higher than usual' combat experience but are also more thinly populated (I guess this will influence the cost as well?). The kingdom would border a large swath of 'wilderness' with higher than usual bandit activity and occasional 'monster' (orcs whatnot) attacks. A lord in this kingdom is by standard responsible for the safety of his people. The lord would still hire these freemen to tend his lands and so on, but he would pay them in coin. Instead every dweller would be a freemen, bound only to their lord by taxes. It will not follow the traditional system of freemen and serfs. The political build op of this kingdom would be a king and his counts/barons. Say the army has 100 horsemen, 400 infantry, 400 archers/crossbow men and 100 men to operate siege weapons, magi and generals. So a golden coin would be 100 dollar/euro/pound Say that the bronze coin is worth a penny/cent and a silver is a dollar/ euro/pound. I really have no clue as how to start this. C) the cost of equipment for these soldiers + maintenance of saidĮquipment.B) the food cost for a day for such army and.A) the operational cost per day for an army of 1000 soldiers. ![]() If anybody knows a source or way to calculate: Ranged units would have padded armor with crossbows or longbows. The basic equipment is limited to standard leather armour with wooden shield and iron swords. ![]() My question is: How much would these cost? You can take a simple currency system of bronze, silver and gold coins.įood & (basic) equipment will be provided for the soldiers, so this also counts in the cost. In time of war, they recruit extra peasants and mercenary bands. Most of the factions are either empires or kingdoms and they all have some sort of standing army. Something I was wondering about recently. ![]()
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![]() ![]() However, after the reforms of Marius in 107 BC, soldiers were issued with standard equipment by the state, which included a galea, or helmet.Īs with many facets of Roman life, the helmet evolved as Rome adapted the technology of conquered foes, refined it for their use, and mass-produced them widely. In many cases, particularly in those early years of the fledgling Roman empire, soldiers had to provide their own equipment, using whatever they could find to protect themselves or fashion into a weapon. In the days of the Roman Kingdom and early Republican period, the provision of weapons and armor tended to be a rather haphazard affair. Helmets were a key factor in the soldiers' ability to function at the highest level.Īs well as soldiers, gladiators also wore different types of helmets when fighting in an arena such as the Colosseum.īeyond their obvious role in protection, helmets also had symbolic significance. ![]() The Roman legions, especially during the Imperial period, were particularly well-armored, enabling them to enter combat confidently and lowering the mortality rate of the soldiers in action. ![]() While foresight and strategy played a significant role in military successes on the battlefield, Roman ingenuity ensured the arms and equipment gave soldiers an edge. The professional class of soldiers was disciplined, skilled, and committed to the empire. The Roman Empire's geographic reach and longevity are partially a product of its military might. ![]() ![]() ![]()
![]() This app is usually very small, fast, demands minimal program resources, and is easy to make use of, but getting it installed on your Macintosh computer of notebook can significantly enhance your day-to-day work, increase your efficiency, and allow anyone to effortlessly keep their Operating-system installation in perfect health. 8: Minimum Cost Paths and Total Cost from Source Vertex 0 ¶įig.ITweaX for Macintosh is definitely a free of charge utility designed to end up being used not just by beginners to the globe of macOS, but furthermore seasoned veterans who are usually interested in quickly getting accessibility to a lot of useful on OS Back button 10.5.x, OS A 10.6 and Operating-system Times 10.7. 5: A Minimum Weighted Spanning Tree ¶įig. 4: A Path from Vertex 0 to Vertex 1 ¶įig. The graphreader.py program happens to be a nice example of using dictionaries in a program. These programs are available As-Is for educational use. You can download the graphreader.py program here. We have written a program to convert an OmniGraffle drawing of a graph to the XML format supported by the drawgraph.py program. OmniGraffle saves its graphs in XML format as well. Most of the figures in the text were drawn with OmniGraffle. ![]() There is also a very nice drawing program for Mac OS X called OmniGraffle. ![]() You can download the drawgraph.py program to draw graphs in this XML format. These graphs can be drawn using turtle graphis. Here are a few examples of these graph XML files. The XML format was described in the chapter. Some of the pictures in the text were drawn from XML formatted files. Visualizing these graphs can be a challenge. This chapter contains several graph algorithms. To understand the formulation of these problems it is good to learn a little graph notation which is presented in this chapter as well. There are many algorithms that have come from the study of graphs. Graph theory problems include graph coloring, finding a path between two states or nodes in a graph, or finding a shortest path through a graph among many others. The correct way to represent a graph depends on the algorithm being implemented. Representing a graph can be done one of several different ways. Dijkstra and Kruskal are two such mathematicians and this chapter covers algorithms developed by them. Many of the algorithms in graph theory are named for the mathematician that developed or discovered them. Graph theory was first studied by mathematicians. As a result, many algorithms have come out of the research in graph theory. Abstracting away the details of a problem and studying it in its simplest form often leads to new insight. However, graphs are more general than trees. In the last chapter we saw that trees serve a variety of purposes in Computer Science. ![]() A graph is a mathematical representation of problems like these. ![]() Many problems in Computer Science and Mathematics can be reduced to a set of states and a set of transitions between these states. ![]() ![]() ![]() You'll have until the end of the next business day to make your balance positive, or you'll incur a $35 fee. Opt-in to Next Day Grace overdraft protection: Capital One will authorize transactions that exceed the balance in your account.When it comes to overdraft fees, which are a key pain point of most checking accounts, you have three options: Some typical fees that you can expect to incur include a $9 bounced paper check fee, $7 or $11 checkbook fee (per 50 or 100 quantity, respectively) and $10 or $20 fee per cashier’s check. It’s best to stick to the over 40,000 Capital One and Allpoint ATMs, which are in-network and fee-free. without any extra costs.Ĭapital One also won’t charge you for using an out-of-network ATM, but the ATM operator might. ![]() You won’t incur foreign transaction fees, so you can use your debit card outside the U.S. While the Capital One 360 Checking Account is our number-one no-monthly-maintenance-fee checking account, that doesn’t mean it has zero fees. Monitor your credit with CreditWise®, which is seamlessly built into the Capital One mobile app.Autopay, returns, credits and some other transactions may continue while your card is locked. ![]() Lock and unlock your card, preventing most new transactions when your card is stolen, lost or misplaced.First checkbook is free, letting you write 50 checks before having to pay for a checkbook.Mobile check deposit, allowing you to conveniently take a photo of a check and deposit it from within the Capital One mobile app. ![]()
![]() Today’s APD utilizes a wide array of modern policing tactics and technological advancements to achieve its mission. Members of the Patrol Division are first responders tasked with handling and mastering a multitude of calls for service including crimes in progress, domestic disturbances, medical issues, juvenile issues, and traffic control needs to name a few. The main functions of the APD are patrol and investigations. To that end, the APD strives to maintain the highest quality of personnel to most effectively serve its populace. The Department considers its employees it’s most valuable resource, essential to providing citizens with services. ![]() Today, the APD has over 530 employees, consisting of both sworn and non-sworn personnel, each whom play a vital role in promoting safety and enhancing quality of life in Albany. However, in 1851, a regular and systematic police department was established. At this time, the enforcement of laws and the preservation of order remained the responsibility of the constables. In 1686, New York State Governor Thomas Dongan granted the “Dongan Charter” which officially recognized Albany as a city. ![]() The City of Albany is the state capital of the State of New York and the county seat for Albany County. The APD can be traced back to 1609 when the first Dutch Settlers traveled up the Hudson River and established Fort Orange, which eventually evolved into the City of Albany. The Albany Police Department (APD) is steeped in the rich tradition of professional policing and its ability to serve the members of the community. ![]() ![]() ![]() At the vehicle’s release, Jaguar said: “This is the beginning of a new era for Jaguar.” Later in the release, Jaguar said that the XF is the first of a new sedan design language for the brand and that it has a coupe-style roofline. The production XF hit the road in September 2007. Instead, the marque aimed for serious sex appeal. That car was a preview for the big styling change to come for the brand. In 2007, Director of Design Ian Callum worked with Head of Advanced Design Julian Thomson to create the C-XF concept car. As Car and Driver reported in January 2007, Jaguar’s sales were falling, cash was bleeding out, and its then-owner, Ford, was considering selling the brand. Here’s a way into a fast cat without breaking the bank. ![]() 2010 Jaguar XF Supercharged – $8,500 CarGurus Seller It’s $9,500 from the seller in Davison, Michigan. Power comes from a 216.5 cubic inch six making 92 HP and pushing it through a column-shift manual transmission. This Business Coupe is apparently an older restoration and there appear to be minor mods such as the rear bumper no longer being chrome. According to Hagerty, Business Coupe models represented the cheapest of the line and could be had for as little as $1,300 in 1950. Today, we have a 1950 Chevrolet Styleline Business Coupe for less than half of that price. Chevy touted the vehicle’s good ventilation that made the car “breathe.”īack in March, I showed you what $26,000 buys you with a cherry red 1949 Chevrolet Styleline Deluxe. Deluxe models represented the higher end of Chevrolet and prices varied based on body style or options.įor 1949, Chevrolet advertised Deluxe models as having a series nameplate on front fenders, stainless steel moldings and trim, rear wheel covers on coupes and wagons, striped cloth seats, a light for the glovebox, a clock, an ashtray, and a cigarette lighter. Of those, you could get them in Fleetline or Styleline. The marque sold Special and Deluxe models of vehicles in a variety of body styles. 1950 Chevrolet Styleline Business Coupe – $9,500 Facebook SellerĪs Hagerty writes, in 1949, Chevrolet overhauled its lineup, updating its vehicles to a modern post-World War II look featuring design elements like pontoon fenders. It’s $8,000 from the seller in Oswego, Kansas with 213,000 miles. This one is said to have rust on its rear quarters, but it presents better inside and out than most in this price range. I’ve noticed that the vast majority of Ramchargers for sale for under $10,000 have cancerous rust problems. Normally, I’d search for the best version of a vehicle I could find. This goes through an automatic transmission to reach the rear wheels. Power comes from a 360 cubic inch fuel-injected V8 making 193 HP and 285 lb-ft torque. Notable changes include a permanently affixed welded-steel top and more rear legroom. This Ramcharger comes from the SUV’s second generation. Introduced in 1974 and riding on a shortened version of the Ram’s platform, the Dodge Ramcharger offered Mopar fans an off-roader with seating for up to six and up to 440 cubic inches of V8 power. These SUVs boasted style, practicality, and off-road prowess. The 1970s saw a rise in large truck-based SUVs like the Chevrolet K5 Blazer, Ford Bronco, and the International Harvester Scout. Here’s what I’m looking at this week! 1990 Dodge Ramcharger – $8,000 Facebook Seller Yet, everything runs and I’ve even managed to snag some imports. As such, you will not find a single vehicle on this list above that. It’s a return to my roots of cheap stuff that doesn’t break the bank. This week, I’ve challenged myself to find neat vehicles all for under $10,000. Some of the vehicles I find are purely window shopping for everyone but maybe Beau. ![]() Some of them are cheap and some of them are not. Mercedes’ Marketplace Madness turns the long lists of vehicles I’d love to buy into something for you all to enjoy. At the same time, I love building a list of cars, trucks, and motorcycles that I would buy if I had the money to buy them. ![]() I’m always looking for the next deal, but most of the time, I’m left empty-handed. Welcome back to Mercedes’ Marketplace Madness! As you know, I love picking up dirt-cheap cars, motorcycles, and campers, then telling you lovely readers about the dumb things that I do with them. ![]() ![]() So, if you’re dealing with a small amount of data and performance is critical, arrays may be the better choice. Less efficient than arrays for small amounts of data.Runtime safety, as the type of objects stored in an ArrayList can only be checked at runtime.Require more memory than traditional arrays, as they need to store additional information for resizing.Can be easily sorted or searched using built-in methods.Efficient for managing large amounts of data.Dynamic size, which allows them to grow or shrink as needed.Cannot be resized, which means you need to create a new array and copy over the elements if you need to change the size.Can be challenging to work with when dealing with larger amounts of data.Fixed-size, meaning you may need to allocate more memory than necessary, or reallocate memory if the size of the array changes.Compile-time safety, as the type and size of the array can be specified upfront.Memory efficient, as they do not require the overhead of an ArrayList object.Fast and efficient for small amounts of data.Below are some of the main considerations when deciding whether to use an array or an ArrayList. Arrays vs Arraylists: Pros and Consīecause of these differences, each data structure has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. ArrayLists, on the other hand, are part of the Java collections framework, which provides a wide range of powerful data structures and algorithms for managing collections of objects. Arrays are a fundamental data type, meaning they are built into the language itself. ![]() In contrast, arrays can be more limiting, as you must declare the size of the array upfront.Īnother key difference between arrays and ArrayLists is how they are implemented in Java. Because they can grow and shrink in size as needed, they can be a more efficient choice when dealing with large amounts of data. ![]() One of the most significant benefits of using ArrayLists is their flexibility. ![]() After this operation, the ArrayList will contain elements 1 and 2. In this example, we are removing the element at index 2, which is the number 3. We can also remove elements from the ArrayList using the remove() method: We can add elements to the ArrayList using the add() method: You can also use a loop to initialize an array:įor (int i = 0 i numbers = new ArrayList() This initializes the “numbers” array with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. You can also initialize an array with values using the following syntax if the elements are known: This initializes the “numbers” array to hold five integer values. This declares an integer array called “numbers.” However, to initialize or instantiate the array, you must specify the type and number of elements it will hold: For example, to declare an integer array, you would use the following syntax: To declare an array, you must first specify the data type of the elements that will be stored in the array. How to Declare/Initialize an Array in Java Arrays can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional, and they can hold primitive data types or objects. The index of the first element in an array is always 0, and the index of the last element is always the length of the array minus one. In its most basic form in Java, arrays store multiple values of the same data type, and the elements in an array are accessed using an index - the key. The key allows the programmer to easily access a specific value in the array without having to search through the entire collection. Think of it as a container that can hold multiple values of the same kind, such as integers, strings, or even other objects.Įach value in an array is assigned a unique index or key, which is used to access and manipulate the value. What Exactly Is an Array?Īn array is a collection of data items, all of the same type, stored in a contiguous block of memory under a single variable name. ![]() Let’s start by first understanding the concept of an array in programming. Not to mention that they’re really not that difficult to understand.īy the end of this article, you’ll have a solid understanding of arrays and be well on your way to becoming proficient in Java. Don’t sweat it, though, as they’re no doubt a fundamental part of programming in Java, and mastering them will make you a better programmer overall. If you’re just setting out to be a Java developer, wrapping your head around such abstract concepts can seem to be a bit of a head-scratcher. If you’ve ever wondered how large amounts of data are organized and processed behind the scenes, arrays are likely the key to that. Arrays in Java, just like in other programming languages, are an incredibly useful tool for programmers to manage and process large amounts of data efficiently. ![]() ![]() ![]() HORI Splatoon 2 Splat & Chat Headset, which is officially licensed by Nintendo and sells for $30. If you want the mix of both in-game sound and chat audio, you’ll need a headset designed for the Switch and that express purpose. It’s incredibly straightforward, but the downside is that you won’t get the Splatoon 2 game audio through your phone. You’ll be able to hear your friends talking through your headphones or the speaker, and then the phone’s built-in microphone will relay your own voice to the group. The one big advantage of using an iPhone for voice communications is that you don’t actually need a full-fledged “headset” with a microphone-any old earbuds or headphones will do the trick, or you can just use your phone’s speaker. From the app, it’s easy to invite in your Switch friends, pals from Twitter or Facebook, or random competitors that you’ve already faced in Splatoon 2. If you choose to create a room, you can send a notification to your iPhone to make it easy to jump right into the action on that side of the equation. ![]() From there, you can create a room or accept an invitation to join someone else’s room. If you do want to use a headset, you’ll need to head into the Online Lounge in Splatoon 2’s lobby on your Switch. Hit the online lounge in the lobby to engage voice chat with pals. ![]() That approach sits well with Nintendo’s previously skittish nature regarding communication and connectivity with other online users, but it means that the usage here is incredibly limited. It’s not enabled in regular or ranked battles in fact, the only way you’ll be able to use it is in private skirmishes or League Battles with friends or players you’ve faced online before. Unlike most online shooter-style games, Splatoon 2 doesn’t make voice chat an expected or essential part of the experience. Once logged in, you’ll tap on Splatoon 2 to fire up SplatNet 2, the game’s dedicated hub within the app. You’ll need a Nintendo account to login, and it’s the same you’ll use on your Switch-and the same you might’ve used for And again, right now it’s just Splatoon 2. Instead, we may get a different “game-specific service” for each game-essentially, an app within an app. You’ll use paint guns, rollers, bombs, and other creative weapons, and try to be the quartet with the most visible splatter when time expires.Īs it currently stands, the Switch Online app doesn’t seem like it’ll take one unified approach to its interface across all games. In classic Nintendo fashion, that typically violent genre has been transformed into something both wholesome and addictive, as you work together as a team to cover as much of a level as you can with your paint color. What’s Splatoon 2? Well, it’s pretty great: it’s essentially Nintendo’s take on the squad-based shooter game. Future games will surely use the app, but as of this writing, that’s the only thing you’ll find here. When I wrote above that the Nintendo Switch Online app only works with Splatoon 2, I really meant it: the app is essentially useless right now if you’re not playing that new release. Until then, online play is free, but the online functionality lacks frills. ![]() But Nintendo launched the system without a complete online experience: the network is half-formed right now, as a paid subscription service will launch in 2018 with additional features and the long-awaited availability of downloadable retro games. Smart parental controls app that launched with the device this March appeared to signal that the company was more Internet-savvy than we’ve ever seen in the past. The Switch Online app works with one game for now. Nintendo Switch looked like it was going to change all of that: it’s a more modern offering from the legendary gaming company, seamlessly transitioning between console and handheld modes and carrying a Wi-Fi connection in either form. Nintendo has always seemed a step or two behind the times when it comes to the online capabilities of its devices, whether it’s issues with the interface or how you connect to and communicate with friends. ![]() ![]() The following example demonstrates the usefulness of a back reference in searching text for a grammatical error: java RegexDemo "(Java( language)\2)" "The Java language language" The presence of a back reference causes a matcher to use the back reference's capturing group number to recall the capturing group's saved match, and then use that match's characters to attempt a further match operation. Specified as a backslash character followed by a digit character denoting a capturing group number, the back reference recalls a capturing group's captured text characters. In (a)(b), (a) belongs to capturing group number 1, and (b) belongs to capturing group number 2.Įach capturing group saves its match for later recall by a back reference. In the example, (Java( language)) belongs to capturing group number 1, and ( language) belongs to capturing group number 2. Each nested or non-nested capturing group receives its own number, numbering starts at 1, and capturing groups are numbered from left to right. For example, in the (Java( language)) regex, ( language) nests inside (Java). Each match replaces the previous match's saved Java characters with the next match's Java characters.Ĭapturing groups can be nested inside other capturing groups. This capturing group matches the Java pattern against all occurrences of Java in the input text. For example, the (Java) capturing group combines letters J, a, v, and a into a single unit. All characters within the capturing group are treated as a single unit during pattern matching. The paragraph-separator character ( \u2029)Ī capturing group saves a match's characters for later recall during pattern matching this construct is a character sequence surrounded by parentheses metacharacters ( ( ) ).The carriage-return character immediately followed by the new-line character ( \r\n).The new-line (line feed) character ( \n).Pattern recognizes the following line terminators: Unless dotall mode (discussed later) is in effect, line terminators are matched by period in dotall mode. Pattern's SDK documentation refers to the period metacharacter as a predefined character class that matches any character except for a line terminator (a one- or two-character sequence identifying the end of a text line). You should observe the following output, which shows that the period and space characters are not considered word characters: regex = \wįound starting at 5 and ending at 5 Line terminators This example uses the \w predefined character class to identify all word characters in the input text: java RegexDemo \w "aZ.8 _" The following list describes only the standard category: Several categories of predefined character classes are provided: standard, POSIX,, and Unicode script/block/category/binary property. Use them to simplify your regexes and minimize syntax errors. Pattern provides predefined character classes as these shortcuts. Some character classes occur often enough in regexes to warrant shortcuts. ![]() This example matches d and f with their counterparts in abcdefg: regex = &]įound starting at 5 and ending at 5 Predefined character classes For example, ] matches characters a through l and q through z: java RegexDemo "&]" abcdefg Some background about this is provided in the Wikipedia page for the backtick.The subtraction character class consists of all characters except for those indicated in nested negation character classes and matches the remaining characters. ![]() It may be more relevant to ask how the grave ended up as part of the original ASCII character set, in the first place. The grave is a bit of an oddity, perhaps, given it has a historical usage outside of being used as a diacritic. It's worth noting, however, that the Sk cateogry includes characters such as the acute accent, the cedilla, the diaeresis, and so on - and (as already noted) our grave accent.Īll these are diacritics - typically used in combination with a base letter to alter the pronunciation. ![]() I do not have a good answer for that - I'm sure there are "historical reasons". The obvious next question is why did the grave character not get included in the Unicode Po general category? Why is it in Sk instead? ![]() It is assigned to a different general category from the punctuation category we are using in our regex. That explains why the grave is no longer matched when we add the Pattern.UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS flag to our original pattern. For that we can see that the general category assignment is Po. When you use Pattern p = pile("\\p list, shown above). ![]() |
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